Image Manipulation Policy

1. Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this Image Manipulation Policy is to establish clear standards for the preparation, processing, presentation, and assessment of images and image-based data submitted to the journal. The policy aims to preserve the integrity, accuracy, and transparency of visual materials that form part of the scholarly record.

Images—including photographs, micrographs, gels, blots, radiological images, charts, and other visual representations of data—play a critical role in the communication of scientific findings. Inappropriate image manipulation, whether intentional or unintentional, can misrepresent results, compromise reproducibility, and undermine trust in published research.

This policy seeks to ensure that:

  • images accurately represent the original data and observations;
  • any image processing is applied in a transparent, consistent, and scientifically justified manner;
  • visual data are not altered in ways that mislead readers or distort interpretation;
  • responsibilities and expectations related to image integrity are clearly defined.

1.1 Scope of the Policy

This policy applies to all image-based materials associated with manuscripts submitted to the journal, including but not limited to:

  • figures and figure panels;
  • supplementary images and visual data;
  • image-based datasets;
  • graphical representations derived from experimental or observational data.

The policy applies to all participants in the publication process, including:

  • authors preparing and submitting manuscripts;
  • peer reviewers evaluating image-based content;
  • editors and editorial staff responsible for assessment and decision-making.

1.2 Relationship to Other Journal Policies

This policy operates in conjunction with the journal’s other editorial and ethical policies, including those addressing:

  • data integrity and reproducibility;
  • research ethics;
  • plagiarism and similarity;
  • AI and generative tools;
  • corrections, retractions, and post-publication actions.

Where overlap exists, the most restrictive applicable policy shall prevail.

1.3 General Applicability

This policy applies to all submissions, regardless of discipline, image type, or technical complexity. It covers image handling at all stages of the publication process, including:

  • manuscript preparation;
  • peer review and editorial assessment;
  • post-publication review and correction.

The journal recognizes that image processing practices may vary across disciplines. Accordingly, this policy is intended to provide a principled and adaptable framework while maintaining a consistent baseline standard for image integrity.

2. Definition of Image-Based Data

For the purposes of this policy, image-based data refer to any visual material that represents, records, or derives from empirical observations, measurements, or analyses and that contributes directly to the scientific evidence, interpretation, or conclusions of a manuscript.

Image-based data include both original images and images that have undergone permissible processing, provided that such processing does not alter the scientific meaning of the data.

2.1 Types of Image-Based Data

Image-based data may include, but are not limited to:

  • photographs of experimental setups, specimens, or materials;
  • microscopy images (e.g., light, electron, confocal, or fluorescence microscopy);
  • gels, blots, and electrophoretic images;
  • radiological or medical images;
  • remote sensing or imaging-based observational data;
  • images generated through computational modeling or simulation, where such images represent analytical outputs;
  • figures, graphs, and visualizations derived directly from primary data.

2.2 Original Images and Source Data

Original images refer to the primary, unprocessed visual data captured during the research process. These may include raw image files, original scans, or instrument-generated outputs prior to any processing, adjustment, or enhancement.

Authors are expected to retain original images and associated metadata to allow verification of image integrity where necessary.

2.3 Processed Images

Processed images are images that have undergone adjustments or transformations, such as cropping, contrast adjustment, color balance correction, or noise reduction, applied for clarity or presentation purposes.

Such processing is permitted only when:

  • applied uniformly and consistently;
  • scientifically justified;
  • transparently documented;
  • not misleading or deceptive.

2.4 Composite Images and Figure Assembly

Composite images refer to figures composed of multiple images, panels, or visual elements assembled into a single figure.

Composite figures must:

  • clearly delineate individual components;
  • avoid duplication or selective reuse of image elements;
  • accurately reflect the relationship between the combined elements.

2.5 AI-Generated or AI-Modified Images

Images generated or modified using artificial intelligence or automated tools are considered image-based data and are subject to the same standards of integrity, transparency, and disclosure as other image-based materials.

The use of AI tools in image generation or processing is further governed by the journal’s AI and Generative Tools Policy.

2.6 Illustrative and Schematic Images

Illustrative or schematic images created solely for explanatory or conceptual purposes, and not representing empirical data, must be clearly identified as such.

Such images must not be presented in a way that could be confused with image-based data or experimental results.

3. Principles of Image Integrity

The integrity of image-based data is essential to the reliability, reproducibility, and credibility of published research. Images must accurately represent the original observations and data on which scientific conclusions are based.

The following principles govern the preparation, processing, and presentation of all image-based materials submitted to the journal.

3.1 Accuracy and Faithful Representation

Images must faithfully represent the original data without alteration, enhancement, or omission that could mislead readers or distort scientific interpretation.

Any processing applied to images must preserve the underlying scientific information and must not introduce features, remove relevant elements, or alter the relative relationships within the image.

3.2 Transparency of Image Processing

All image processing must be transparent and scientifically justified. Authors must be able to explain:

  • what processing was applied;
  • why such processing was necessary;
  • how processing was performed.

Undocumented or undisclosed image manipulation is not acceptable.

3.3 Consistency and Uniform Application

Image adjustments must be applied consistently across the entire image and, where applicable, across comparable images within a figure or dataset.

Selective adjustment of specific regions, features, or data points within an image is not permitted unless explicitly justified, clearly described, and scientifically appropriate.

3.4 Preservation of Original Data

Original image data must be preserved and retained by the authors to allow verification, replication, or editorial assessment.

Authors must not discard or overwrite original image files in a manner that prevents verification of image integrity.

3.5 Distinction Between Data and Illustration

Images that represent empirical data must be clearly distinguishable from illustrative, schematic, or conceptual images.

Illustrative images must not be used in place of data or presented in a way that implies experimental evidence.

3.6 Proportionality and Minimal Intervention

Image processing should be limited to the minimum necessary to enhance clarity or visibility without affecting interpretation.

Excessive or unnecessary manipulation, even if technically possible, is inconsistent with responsible scientific practice.

3.7 Accountability and Responsibility

Authors bear full responsibility for the integrity of all image-based data included in their manuscripts. This responsibility extends to images prepared by collaborators, technicians, or third parties.

Claims that image manipulation resulted from software defaults, automated tools, or technical error do not absolve authors of responsibility.

4. Acceptable Image Adjustments

The journal permits limited image adjustments that improve clarity and readability, provided that such adjustments do not alter, obscure, or misrepresent the underlying data. All permitted adjustments must be applied in a transparent, consistent, and scientifically justified manner.

4.1 General Conditions for Acceptable Adjustments

Acceptable image adjustments must:

  • preserve the original scientific meaning of the data;
  • be applied uniformly across the entire image;
  • avoid selective enhancement or suppression of specific features;
  • be fully reversible where possible;
  • be documented and disclosed where required.

Any adjustment that affects data interpretation is not permitted.

4.2 Brightness, Contrast, and Color Balance

Adjustments to brightness, contrast, or color balance are permitted when:

  • applied uniformly to the entire image;
  • used solely to improve visibility or clarity;
  • do not obscure background information or eliminate relevant features.

Adjustments must not introduce artificial saturation, clipping, or loss of information.

4.3 Cropping

Cropping is permitted to remove irrelevant background or focus on the area of interest, provided that:

  • cropping does not remove relevant data or context;
  • the cropped area accurately reflects the original image;
  • the relationship between the cropped image and the full original is not misleading.

Where cropping could affect interpretation, this must be clearly indicated.

4.4 Image Size and Resolution Adjustments

Changes to image size or resolution are permitted for presentation or formatting purposes, provided that:

  • such changes do not distort aspect ratios;
  • image quality is not degraded in a way that affects interpretation;
  • resolution meets the journal’s technical requirements.

4.5 Pseudocoloring and Color Mapping

The use of pseudocoloring or color mapping is permitted where:

  • scientifically justified and standard in the relevant field;
  • color scales are clearly described and, where appropriate, included in the figure;
  • pseudocoloring does not exaggerate or conceal features.

4.6 Noise Reduction and Filtering

Noise reduction, smoothing, or filtering may be applied only when:

  • such processing is scientifically justified;
  • applied uniformly across the image;
  • does not remove or alter genuine features of interest.

Excessive filtering or manipulation that alters data structure is not permitted.

4.7 Annotation and Labeling

Annotations, arrows, labels, and scale bars may be added for clarity, provided that:

  • they do not obscure underlying data;
  • they are clearly distinguishable from the image itself;
  • they are accurately placed and described.

4.8 Disclosure of Adjustments

Authors must disclose image adjustments where such processing goes beyond routine or minimal enhancement. Disclosure should describe the nature and purpose of the adjustments and be included in the figure legend or methods section, as appropriate.

5. Unacceptable Image Manipulation Practices

The journal strictly prohibits any image manipulation practices that misrepresent original data, distort scientific meaning, or mislead readers. Such practices undermine research integrity and the reliability of the scholarly record.

Unacceptable image manipulation applies regardless of whether it is intentional or unintentional.

5.1 Alteration of Data Content

The following practices are strictly prohibited:

  • adding, removing, obscuring, or duplicating features within an image;
  • selectively enhancing or suppressing specific regions, bands, cells, or signals;
  • modifying the relative intensity, contrast, or color of specific elements to influence interpretation.

5.2 Selective or Non-Uniform Adjustments

Applying adjustments to only part of an image, or to specific images within a figure, is not permitted unless explicitly justified and clearly disclosed.

This includes:

  • local contrast or brightness adjustments;
  • selective filtering or sharpening;
  • region-specific enhancement or masking.

5.3 Duplication and Reuse of Images

The reuse, duplication, or partial duplication of images to represent different experiments, conditions, or results is prohibited.

This includes:

  • reuse of the same image across multiple figures without disclosure;
  • flipping, rotating, or resizing images to disguise duplication;
  • using portions of the same image to represent different samples or time points.

5.4 Splicing, Assembly, and Composite Images

Improper splicing or assembly of images is prohibited, including:

  • combining images from different experiments without clear separation;
  • concealing splicing boundaries;
  • assembling composite images in a way that implies a single continuous experiment when this is not the case.

All composite images must clearly indicate boundaries and origins of individual components.

5.5 Misrepresentation of Controls or Experimental Context

Manipulating images in ways that misrepresent controls, baselines, or experimental conditions is prohibited.

This includes:

  • altering control images to better match experimental results;
  • selectively presenting favorable images while omitting relevant controls;
  • rearranging image panels to imply relationships that do not exist.

5.6 Inappropriate Use of AI or Automated Tools

Using AI or automated tools to generate, alter, enhance, or reconstruct image-based data in ways that affect interpretation is prohibited.

This includes:

  • AI-generated images presented as experimental data;
  • AI-based enhancement that introduces artificial features;
  • automated tools used to conceal manipulation or evade detection.

Such practices are further governed by the journal’s AI and Generative Tools Policy.

5.7 Failure to Retain or Provide Original Images

The inability or refusal to provide original, unprocessed image data upon editorial request may be treated as evidence of unacceptable image manipulation.

5.8 Misleading Presentation or Labeling

Presenting images in a misleading manner—including incomplete labeling, ambiguous legends, or omission of relevant context—is not acceptable.

Misleading presentation that obscures the nature, origin, or limitations of image-based data constitutes a breach of this policy.

6. Image Processing and Documentation Requirements

To ensure transparency, reproducibility, and accountability, all image processing applied to image-based data must be appropriately documented and, where required, disclosed. Authors are responsible for maintaining accurate records of image acquisition, processing, and preparation.

6.1 Documentation of Image Acquisition

Authors must document the conditions under which original images were acquired, including, where applicable:

  • instrument or equipment used;
  • imaging settings and parameters;
  • software used for image capture;
  • acquisition dates and experimental conditions.

This information must be sufficient to allow evaluation of image quality and context.

6.2 Documentation of Image Processing

All image processing steps applied after acquisition must be documented. Documentation should include:

  • the type of processing applied (e.g., brightness adjustment, cropping);
  • the software or tools used;
  • confirmation that processing was applied uniformly;
  • justification for any non-standard processing.

Processing steps must be reproducible and scientifically justified.

6.3 Retention of Original and Processed Images

Authors must retain:

  • original, unprocessed image files;
  • processed versions submitted for publication;
  • relevant metadata and processing records.

Original images must be preserved in a format that allows verification of integrity.

6.4 Availability of Image Data for Editorial Review

Authors must be prepared to provide original image data, processing records, or additional documentation upon editorial request during review or post-publication assessment.

Failure to provide requested materials may affect editorial decisions or result in further action.

6.5 Disclosure in Manuscripts

Where image processing goes beyond minimal adjustments, authors must disclose:

  • the nature of the processing;
  • the purpose of the adjustments;
  • confirmation that processing did not alter scientific interpretation.

Disclosures should be included in the figure legend, methods section, or a dedicated data integrity statement, as appropriate.

6.6 Use of Automated or AI-Based Tools

The use of automated or AI-based tools in image processing must be documented and disclosed in accordance with this policy and the journal’s AI and Generative Tools Policy.

Authors must be able to explain how such tools were used and how outputs were validated.

6.7 Responsibility for Third-Party Image Processing

Authors remain responsible for image processing performed by collaborators, core facilities, technicians, or third parties.

Outsourcing image processing does not transfer responsibility or accountability.

7. Composite Images and Figure Assembly

Composite images and multi-panel figures are commonly used to present complex datasets or multiple experimental conditions. When properly prepared, such figures can enhance clarity and interpretation. However, improper assembly or presentation of composite images can misrepresent data and compromise research integrity.

7.1 Definition of Composite Images

Composite images refer to figures composed of two or more distinct images, panels, or visual elements that originate from separate image files, experiments, fields of view, or acquisition events and are assembled into a single figure for presentation.

7.2 General Principles

Composite images must:

  • accurately reflect the original data and experimental context;
  • clearly distinguish individual components;
  • avoid any implication that separate images originate from a single, continuous experiment unless this is the case.

Assembly of composite figures must not alter the scientific meaning of the data.

7.3 Delineation of Image Boundaries

Boundaries between individual images or panels in a composite figure must be clearly indicated.

Acceptable methods include:

  • visible dividing lines or spacing;
  • clear panel labeling;
  • explicit description in the figure legend.

Concealed or ambiguous boundaries are not permitted.

7.4 Consistency Across Panels

Image processing adjustments applied to composite figures must be applied consistently across comparable panels.

Selective enhancement, suppression, or differential processing of individual panels is not permitted unless explicitly justified and disclosed.

7.5 Splicing of Images

Splicing of images (e.g., in gels or blots) is permitted only where:

  • scientifically justified;
  • clearly indicated by visible markers or lines;
  • fully described in the figure legend.

Splicing must not obscure or misrepresent the original data.

7.6 Reuse of Image Elements

The reuse of image elements within a composite figure or across multiple figures is not permitted unless:

  • scientifically justified;
  • explicitly disclosed;
  • clearly labeled.

Undisclosed reuse or duplication constitutes image manipulation.

7.7 Figure Legends and Documentation

Figure legends must clearly describe:

  • the composition of the figure;
  • the origin of individual panels;
  • any splicing or assembly performed;
  • any image processing applied.

Legends must provide sufficient information to allow readers to understand how the figure was constructed.

8. Image Metadata, Original Files, and Data Retention

The retention of original image files, associated metadata, and processing records is essential for the verification, reproducibility, and integrity of image-based data. Authors are responsible for ensuring that image data are preserved in a manner that allows editorial assessment when required.

8.1 Image Metadata

Image metadata include technical and contextual information associated with image acquisition and processing, such as:

  • acquisition parameters and instrument settings;
  • timestamps and acquisition conditions;
  • file formats and resolution;
  • software or tools used for image capture and processing.

Authors must preserve relevant metadata and ensure that metadata are not intentionally altered or removed in ways that compromise verification.

8.2 Original Image Files

Authors must retain original, unprocessed image files corresponding to all image-based data presented in the manuscript.

Original files should:

  • reflect the data as acquired from the instrument or source;
  • be preserved in their native or lossless formats where possible;
  • be stored securely to prevent loss or alteration.

Conversion to compressed or lossy formats that affect data integrity is not acceptable for original files.

8.3 Processed Image Files

In addition to original files, authors should retain processed versions of images submitted for publication, along with documentation of all processing steps applied.

This allows comparison between original and processed images where verification is required.

8.4 Data Retention Period

Authors are expected to retain original and processed image data and associated metadata for a reasonable period following publication.

Unless otherwise required by institutional, funding, or regulatory obligations, image data should be retained for a minimum period consistent with accepted standards of research data retention in the relevant field.

8.5 Availability for Editorial Review

Authors must be prepared to provide original image files, metadata, and processing documentation upon editorial request during peer review or post-publication assessment.

Failure to provide requested materials may affect editorial decisions and may be treated as a breach of this policy.

8.6 Storage and Data Security

Image data must be stored securely and in compliance with applicable data protection, confidentiality, and institutional requirements.

Authors must take reasonable steps to protect image data from unauthorized access, loss, or alteration.

8.7 Institutional and Legal Requirements

Where institutional, funding, or legal requirements impose specific data retention or archiving obligations, authors must comply with such requirements and ensure that image data are retained accordingly.

9. Use of AI Tools in Image Processing

The use of artificial intelligence–based or automated tools in image processing presents specific risks related to data integrity, transparency, and reproducibility. While certain automated functions may be permitted, the journal applies heightened scrutiny to AI-assisted image processing.

9.1 General Principles

AI-based tools used in image processing are subject to the same standards of integrity, transparency, and accountability as other image processing methods.

Authors remain fully responsible for all AI-assisted image processing and must ensure that such use does not alter the scientific meaning of the data.

9.2 Permitted Uses

AI or automated tools may be used for limited image processing functions, such as:

  • uniform noise reduction;
  • background correction;
  • resolution enhancement for clarity, where scientifically justified.

Such use is permitted only when:

  • processing is applied uniformly across the entire image;
  • original image data are preserved;
  • the processing does not introduce, remove, or modify data features;
  • the use of AI tools is documented and disclosed.

9.3 Prohibited Uses

AI tools must not be used to:

  • generate images that are presented as experimental or observational data;
  • reconstruct missing data or features;
  • enhance, modify, or fabricate signals in ways that affect interpretation;
  • selectively alter regions of an image;
  • disguise image manipulation or evade detection.

AI-generated or AI-reconstructed images must not be presented as empirical evidence.

9.4 Validation and Human Oversight

All AI-assisted image processing must be subject to rigorous human oversight.

Authors must:

  • critically assess AI outputs;
  • verify that processed images accurately reflect original data;
  • document validation steps used to confirm image integrity.

Automated processing must not replace human evaluation or responsibility.

9.5 Disclosure Requirements

The use of AI tools in image processing must be clearly disclosed, including:

  • the name and type of tool used;
  • the purpose of its use;
  • confirmation that processing did not alter scientific interpretation.

Disclosures should be included in the methods section or figure legends, as appropriate.

9.6 Relation to AI and Generative Tools Policy

This section operates in conjunction with the journal’s AI and Generative Tools Policy. Where provisions overlap, the more restrictive requirements apply.

10. Image Screening and Editorial Assessment

The journal applies editorial screening and assessment procedures to evaluate the integrity of image-based data submitted for publication. Image screening is conducted to identify potential manipulation, misrepresentation, or non-compliance with this policy and with the journal’s ethical standards.

10.1 Initial Editorial Screening

Images submitted with a manuscript may be subject to initial screening during the editorial assessment process. Screening may include:

  • visual inspection by editors or editorial staff;
  • checks for apparent duplication, splicing, or inconsistencies;
  • assessment of image presentation and labeling.

Initial screening is intended to identify issues that require clarification or further evaluation and does not constitute a final determination.

10.2 Use of Screening Tools

The journal may use software-based or automated tools to assist with image screening. Such tools are used as supportive aids and do not replace human editorial judgment.

All findings generated by screening tools are reviewed and interpreted by editors.

10.3 Requests for Clarification or Documentation

Where potential concerns are identified, editors may request:

  • original, unprocessed image files;
  • metadata or acquisition details;
  • documentation of image processing steps;
  • clarification of figure assembly or presentation.

Authors are expected to respond promptly and cooperatively to such requests.

10.4 Editorial Evaluation of Image Integrity

Editors assess image-related issues based on:

  • compliance with this policy;
  • the nature and extent of any identified concerns;
  • the potential impact on data interpretation and conclusions.

Editorial evaluation is conducted in a fair, proportional, and context-sensitive manner.

10.5 Additional Review or Expert Consultation

Where image-related concerns are complex or technically specialized, editors may seek additional input, including:

  • consultation with reviewers with relevant expertise;
  • independent expert assessment.

Such consultation supports informed editorial decision-making.

10.6 Outcomes of Image Assessment

Depending on the findings of the assessment, editorial actions may include:

  • requests for correction or clarification;
  • revision of figures or legends;
  • rejection of the manuscript;
  • post-publication action, where applicable.

10.7 Documentation and Record-Keeping

The journal may maintain internal records of image screening and assessment outcomes for consistency, oversight, and accountability, in accordance with data protection and confidentiality requirements.

11. Responsibilities of Authors

Authors bear primary responsibility for the integrity, accuracy, and transparency of all image-based data included in their manuscripts. This responsibility applies regardless of whether images were prepared by the authors themselves, collaborators, technical staff, or third parties.

11.1 Accuracy and Integrity of Images

Authors must ensure that all images:

  • accurately represent the original data and observations;
  • comply with the principles and requirements of this policy;
  • are free from unacceptable manipulation or misrepresentation.

Authors are responsible for verifying image integrity prior to submission.

11.2 Compliance with Image Processing Standards

Authors must ensure that:

  • any image processing applied is scientifically justified and permissible;
  • processing is applied consistently and transparently;
  • all processing steps are appropriately documented and disclosed.

Use of default software settings or automated tools does not exempt authors from responsibility.

11.3 Retention and Availability of Image Data

Authors must retain original image files, processed images, and associated metadata in accordance with this policy and applicable institutional or funding requirements.

Authors must be prepared to provide such materials upon editorial request during review or post-publication assessment.

11.4 Accurate Presentation and Labeling

Authors must ensure that figures, figure legends, and labels:

  • accurately describe the content and origin of images;
  • clearly indicate any processing, splicing, or assembly;
  • do not mislead readers regarding experimental conditions or results.

11.5 Disclosure of AI and Automated Tools

Where AI or automated tools are used in image processing, authors must disclose such use in accordance with this policy and the journal’s AI and Generative Tools Policy.

11.6 Responsibility for Co-Authors and Contributors

The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all co-authors are informed of and agree with the image processing and presentation practices used in the manuscript.

Disagreements among co-authors do not absolve individual authors of responsibility.

11.7 Correction of Image-Related Errors

If authors identify errors or concerns related to image integrity after submission or publication, they must promptly notify the editorial office and cooperate fully in corrective actions.

12. Responsibilities of Reviewers

Peer reviewers play an important role in identifying potential concerns related to image integrity during the evaluation of manuscripts. However, reviewers are not expected to conduct forensic analyses of images or to act as investigators.

12.1 Evaluation of Image-Based Data

Reviewers should assess image-based data to the extent that it is relevant to their scientific expertise and the scope of the manuscript. Reviewers are encouraged to consider whether:

  • images appear consistent with the described methods and results;
  • image presentation is clear, accurate, and appropriately labeled;
  • figures support the conclusions drawn in the manuscript.

12.2 Identification of Potential Concerns

Where reviewers identify potential concerns related to image integrity—such as apparent duplication, unusual patterns, or inconsistencies—they should confidentially notify the editorial team.

Concerns should be communicated to editors rather than included in comments intended for authors.

12.3 Limits of Reviewer Responsibility

Reviewers are not responsible for:

  • detecting all forms of image manipulation;
  • conducting detailed image analysis or forensic examination;
  • verifying original image files or metadata.

The primary responsibility for image integrity rests with the authors and the editorial team.

12.4 Confidentiality

Reviewers must treat all images and image-based data under review as confidential materials. Images must not be:

  • shared with third parties;
  • uploaded to external platforms or AI systems;
  • used for personal or professional purposes.

12.5 Use of Tools by Reviewers

Reviewers must not use automated or AI-based tools to analyze, process, or assess images in ways that compromise confidentiality or exceed the limited use permitted under the journal’s policies.

12.6 Professional Conduct

Reviewer comments related to images should be objective, evidence-based, and professional. Allegations of image manipulation should be framed as concerns requiring editorial assessment, not as accusations.

13. Responsibilities of Editors

Editors are responsible for ensuring that image-based data published in the journal comply with this policy and with the journal’s broader ethical and editorial standards. Editorial responsibility includes oversight, assessment, decision-making, and the fair handling of image-related concerns.

13.1 Oversight of Image Integrity

Editors are responsible for overseeing the assessment of image-based data during the editorial process. This includes:

  • evaluating image presentation and disclosures;
  • considering concerns raised during screening or peer review;
  • determining whether further clarification or documentation is required.

13.2 Editorial Assessment and Decision-Making

Editors assess image-related issues in a fair, independent, and proportionate manner, taking into account:

  • the nature and extent of the identified concern;
  • the potential impact on data interpretation and conclusions;
  • the explanations and documentation provided by the authors.

Editorial decisions related to image integrity are based on professional judgment and are not delegated to automated systems.

13.3 Requests for Clarification and Documentation

Editors may request additional information from authors, including:

  • original, unprocessed image files;
  • metadata or acquisition details;
  • documentation of image processing or figure assembly.

Authors are expected to respond promptly and cooperatively to such requests.

13.4 Use of Expert Consultation

Where image-related issues are complex or technically specialized, editors may consult:

  • reviewers with relevant expertise;
  • independent experts;
  • members of the editorial board.

Such consultation supports informed and consistent editorial decisions.

13.5 Handling of Suspected Image Manipulation

When suspected image manipulation is identified, editors will follow the journal’s ethical policies and procedures, applying principles of fairness, transparency, and proportionality.

Possible actions may include requests for clarification, revision, rejection, or post-publication measures, depending on the severity of the issue.

13.6 Confidentiality and Due Process

Editors must handle image-related concerns confidentially and ensure that authors are given an appropriate opportunity to respond.

All assessments and decisions are documented in accordance with the journal’s editorial procedures.

13.7 Editorial Independence and Accountability

Editors retain full responsibility for decisions related to image integrity. Editorial actions are taken independently and are not influenced by external pressures, commercial considerations, or reputational concerns.

14. Ethical and Legal Considerations

The handling and presentation of image-based data must comply with established ethical principles and applicable legal requirements. Image manipulation that misrepresents data or obscures scientific truth constitutes a breach of research integrity and may have ethical and legal implications.

14.1 Research Integrity and Ethical Standards

Images must be prepared and presented in a manner that upholds the principles of honesty, transparency, and accountability in research.

Image manipulation that alters the meaning of data, misleads readers, or conceals relevant information is inconsistent with accepted standards of research ethics and publication ethics.

14.2 Human and Animal Research Ethics

Images derived from research involving human participants or animals must comply with applicable ethical approvals, consent requirements, and regulatory standards.

Image processing must not:

  • compromise participant privacy or confidentiality;
  • misrepresent ethically sensitive data;
  • obscure or exaggerate findings in ways that could affect ethical interpretation.

14.3 Privacy and Data Protection

Images containing identifiable individuals, sensitive information, or personal data must be handled in accordance with applicable data protection and privacy regulations.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that:

  • appropriate consent has been obtained;
  • identifying features are not disclosed without authorization;
  • image processing does not violate privacy obligations.

14.4 Intellectual Property and Copyright

Authors must ensure that images do not infringe intellectual property or copyright rights.

This includes:

  • obtaining permission for reuse of copyrighted images;
  • proper attribution of third-party images;
  • compliance with licensing requirements.

Image manipulation must not be used to obscure the origin or ownership of images.

14.5 Legal Implications of Image Misrepresentation

Serious image manipulation may have legal consequences, including potential breaches of institutional policies, funding agreements, or applicable laws.

The journal reserves the right to refer serious concerns to relevant institutions or authorities where appropriate, in accordance with ethical guidelines.

14.6 Consistency with Other Journal Policies

This policy operates in conjunction with the journal’s broader ethical and legal frameworks, including policies on research ethics, data integrity, AI and generative tools, and publication ethics.

In cases of overlap or conflict, the most restrictive applicable policy shall prevail.

15. Handling of Suspected Image Manipulation

When potential image manipulation is suspected, the journal follows a structured and proportionate process to assess the concern, ensure due process, and protect the integrity of the scholarly record. The handling of suspected cases is guided by principles of fairness, confidentiality, and transparency.

15.1 Identification of Concerns

Concerns related to image manipulation may arise through:

  • editorial screening;
  • peer review;
  • post-publication review;
  • notifications from readers, institutions, or third parties.

All reported concerns are subject to editorial assessment.

15.2 Preliminary Editorial Assessment

Editors conduct an initial assessment to determine:

  • the nature of the suspected issue;
  • whether the concern may affect data integrity or interpretation;
  • whether additional information or documentation is required.

At this stage, no conclusions regarding misconduct are drawn.

15.3 Request for Clarification and Evidence

Where necessary, editors may request from the authors:

  • original, unprocessed image files;
  • metadata and acquisition details;
  • documentation of image processing or figure assembly;
  • explanatory statements addressing the concern.

Authors are expected to respond in a timely and cooperative manner.

15.4 Evaluation and Expert Consultation

Editors evaluate the information provided and may consult:

  • reviewers with relevant expertise;
  • independent experts;
  • members of the editorial board.

The evaluation considers whether the identified issue results from acceptable processing, honest error, or unacceptable manipulation.

15.5 Determination and Editorial Action

Based on the evaluation, editors determine appropriate action, which may include:

  • no further action, where concerns are resolved;
  • requests for correction or revision;
  • rejection of the manuscript;
  • post-publication actions, where applicable.

Actions are proportionate to the severity and impact of the issue.

15.6 Confidentiality and Due Process

All investigations are conducted confidentially. Authors are given an opportunity to respond and to provide relevant explanations or evidence.

The journal avoids prejudging cases and does not make allegations of misconduct without sufficient evidence.

15.7 Referral to Institutions

In cases involving serious or repeated concerns that may constitute research misconduct, the journal may refer the matter to the authors’ institutions or relevant authorities, in accordance with ethical guidelines.

16. Corrections, Retractions, and Post-Publication Actions

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy, integrity, and transparency of the scholarly record. When image-related issues are identified after publication, appropriate corrective actions are taken in a timely, fair, and proportionate manner.

16.1 Identification of Post-Publication Issues

Post-publication image-related concerns may be identified by authors, editors, reviewers, readers, institutions, or third parties.

All concerns are subject to editorial assessment in accordance with the journal’s ethical and editorial policies.

16.2 Assessment of Impact

Editors assess whether identified image-related issues:

  • affect the interpretation or reliability of the data;
  • compromise the validity of the conclusions;
  • represent isolated errors or systemic problems.

The severity and scope of the issue guide the choice of corrective action.

16.3 Corrections

A correction may be issued where image-related issues:

  • result from honest error;
  • can be addressed without altering the overall conclusions of the work;
  • involve presentation or labeling issues that require clarification.

Corrected images or revised figure legends must accurately reflect the original data.

16.4 Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued where:

  • serious questions exist regarding image integrity;
  • available information is insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion;
  • investigations are ongoing.

Expressions of concern are intended to alert readers while further assessment is conducted.

16.5 Retractions

A retraction may be issued where:

  • image manipulation substantially undermines the reliability of the data or conclusions;
  • fabricated, falsified, or misleading images are identified;
  • image-related issues constitute research misconduct.

Retractions are intended to correct the scholarly record and do not necessarily imply intent or misconduct by the authors.

16.6 Transparency of Post-Publication Actions

All post-publication actions related to image manipulation are clearly identified, publicly accessible, and permanently linked to the original article.

Notices describe the nature of the issue and the reason for the action, while respecting confidentiality and due process.

16.7 Author Cooperation

Authors are expected to cooperate fully with post-publication assessments and corrective actions.

Failure to cooperate may influence the outcome of post-publication actions.

17. Appeals and Author Responses

The journal recognizes the importance of a fair and transparent process when handling image-related concerns. Authors are provided with an opportunity to respond to editorial findings and, where appropriate, to appeal decisions related to image manipulation.

17.1 Author Responses

Authors are entitled to respond to image-related concerns raised during editorial assessment or post-publication review. Responses should:

  • address the specific issues identified;
  • provide relevant evidence or documentation, where requested;
  • be submitted in a timely and professional manner.

Responses that do not address the substance of the concern may not be considered sufficient.

17.2 Appeals of Editorial Decisions

Authors may appeal editorial decisions related to image manipulation where they believe that:

  • the decision was based on a factual error;
  • relevant evidence was not adequately considered;
  • a procedural issue affected the outcome.

Appeals must be supported by a clear and reasoned explanation and must address specific points raised by the editorial team.

17.3 Scope and Limits of Appeals

Appeals based solely on disagreement with editorial judgment or on general objections to journal policy are not normally considered.

The journal does not reopen cases where appeals do not present new or substantive information.

17.4 Appeal Review Process

Appeals are reviewed by a senior editor or member of the editorial team who was not directly involved in the original decision, where possible.

Following review, the editorial decision may be upheld or, in exceptional cases, reconsidered.

Decisions made after the appeal process are final.

17.5 Confidentiality and Professional Conduct

Appeals and author responses are handled confidentially. Authors are expected to engage respectfully and professionally throughout the process.

Abusive, threatening, or inappropriate communications may result in the termination of the appeal process.

18. Compliance and Consequences of Non-Compliance

Compliance with this Image Manipulation Policy is mandatory for all participants in the journal’s publication process. Failure to comply may result in editorial action intended to protect the integrity of the scholarly record and uphold ethical and professional standards.

18.1 General Principles

Consequences of non-compliance are determined based on:

  • the nature and severity of the issue;
  • whether the issue resulted from honest error, negligence, or deliberate manipulation;
  • the impact on data interpretation, conclusions, and trust in the scholarly record.

All actions are guided by principles of fairness, proportionality, transparency, and due process.

18.2 Non-Compliance Prior to Publication

Where non-compliance is identified before publication, editorial actions may include:

  • requests for clarification, correction, or additional documentation;
  • revision of figures, legends, or supporting materials;
  • rejection of the manuscript.

Failure to adequately address identified concerns may result in termination of the editorial process.

18.3 Non-Compliance After Publication

Where non-compliance is identified after publication, the journal may take appropriate corrective action, including:

  • publication of corrections or clarifications;
  • issuance of an expression of concern;
  • retraction of the article, where warranted.

Post-publication actions are conducted in accordance with the journal’s established correction and retraction policies.

18.4 Consequences for Authors

Authors found to have engaged in unacceptable image manipulation practices may face:

  • rejection of current submissions;
  • restrictions on future submissions for a defined period;
  • referral to institutional authorities, where appropriate.

The severity of consequences reflects the seriousness of the violation.

18.5 Consequences for Reviewers and Editors

Non-compliance by reviewers or editors may result in:

  • removal from the reviewer pool or editorial role;
  • internal review or corrective measures;
  • restrictions on future participation in journal activities.

Such actions are taken to preserve the credibility and integrity of the editorial process.

18.6 Documentation and Record-Keeping

The journal may maintain internal records of non-compliance cases for consistency, oversight, and accountability, in accordance with data protection and confidentiality requirements.

19. Policy Review and Updates

The journal recognizes that standards, technologies, and practices related to image acquisition, processing, and analysis continue to evolve. Accordingly, this Image Manipulation Policy is subject to periodic review to ensure continued relevance, clarity, and alignment with accepted standards of scholarly publishing.

19.1 Periodic Review

This policy will be reviewed regularly by the editorial team to ensure alignment with:

  • developments in imaging technologies and analytical tools;
  • evolving standards of research integrity and publication ethics;
  • guidance from recognized organizations concerned with research and publication ethics;
  • changes in legal, regulatory, or institutional requirements.

19.2 Policy Updates and Revisions

The journal reserves the right to update, revise, or amend this policy as necessary. Updates may be introduced in response to:

  • emerging forms of image manipulation or new technological capabilities;
  • practical experience gained through editorial assessment and case handling;
  • feedback from authors, reviewers, or the scholarly community;
  • external recommendations or requirements.

Revisions are intended to strengthen the journal’s commitment to transparency, integrity, and accountability.

19.3 Communication of Changes

Substantive changes to this policy will be communicated through appropriate channels, including updates on the journal’s website or editorial communications.

Authors, reviewers, and editors are responsible for ensuring that they are familiar with the most current version of this policy at the time of submission, review, or editorial handling.

19.4 Applicability of Updated Policies

Unless otherwise stated, updated versions of this policy apply to new submissions and ongoing editorial processes from the date of implementation. Previously published articles remain subject to the policy version in effect at the time of publication, unless post-publication concerns warrant review under updated standards.

20. Contact and Further Information

Questions regarding this Image Manipulation Policy, its interpretation, or its application may be directed to the journal’s editorial office.

Authors are encouraged to seek clarification prior to submission if they are uncertain whether specific image processing practices comply with this policy. Early communication may help prevent delays during editorial assessment.

Inquiries related to image integrity concerns, requests for guidance, or post-publication issues should be submitted through the journal’s official communication channels to ensure proper documentation and fair handling.

The journal welcomes constructive feedback on this policy and may consider such input during future reviews and updates, in accordance with its established editorial procedures.